Epigenetics and Modified Bases
We are interested in understanding chemical modifications to DNA and the effect of such changes to the structure and function of DNA. DNA is made up of four bases – cytosine, guanine, adenine and thymine. However, these bases can naturally undergo chemical modification leading to new bases. Changing one of the bases in a strand of DNA in this way alters its property and function by controlling how the sequence is interpreted. This can affect how genes are switched on and off in different cell types, tissues and organs.
The modified base 5-methylcytosine (5mC) is well-known epigenetic mark that can regulate transcription of the genome. Since 2009 three further modified bases have been detected in the mammalian genome. These are the TET-enzyme generated bases; 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). The presence of these modifications opens up questions as to their function in normal cellular biology and disease states.
We are developing chemical tools and genomic methods to map and elucidate the function of these modified bases. We are also exploring the molecular basis for their involvement in biological mechanisms. Part of this work exploits state of the art genomics technologies. We have already created methods to quantitatively sequence 5mC, 5hmC and 5fC at single-base resolution. Such tools allow much more accurate study of these epigenetic marks.
The scope of our work will also include the identification, mapping and elucidation of the biological function of other base modifications in the DNA and RNA of various organisms.
References
Selective Photocatalytic C-H oxidation of 5-methylcytosine in DNA
T Yan, Y Chen, B Mortishire-Smith, A Simeone, A Hofer and S Balasubramanian
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2024, e202413593
DOI: 10.1002/anie.202413593
Improved simultaneous mapping of epigenetic features and 3D chromatin structure via ViCAR
S M Flynn, S Dhir, K Herka, C Doyle, L Melidis, A Simeone, W W W Hui, R de Cesaris Araujo Tavares, S Schoenfelder, D Tannahill and S Balasubramanian
Genome Biology., 2024, 25, 237
DOI: 10.1186/s13059-024-03377-6
Transcription-coupled repair of DNA–protein cross-links depends on CSA and CSB
C J Carnie, A C Acampora, A S Bader, C Erdenebat, S Zhao, E Bitensky, D van den Heuvel, A Parnas, V Gupta, G D’Alessandro, M Sczaniecka-Clift, P Weickert, F Aygenli, M J Götz, J Cordes, I Esain-Garcia, L Melidis, A P Wondergem, S Lam, M S Robles, S Balasubramanian, S Adar, M S Luijsterburg, S P Jackson and J Stingele
Nature Cell Biology., 2024, 26, 797-810
DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01391-1
An Upstream G-Quadruplex DNA Structure Can Stimulate Gene Transcription
Y Chen, A Simeone, L Melidis, S Martinez Cuesta, D Tannahill and S Balasubramanian
ACS Chem. Biol., 2024, 19, 3, 736-742
DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00775
G-quadruplex DNA structure is a positive regulator of MYC transcription
I Esain-Garcia, A Kirchner, L Melidis, R de Cesaris Araujo Tavares, S Dhir, A Simeone, Z Yu, S K Madden, R Hermann, D Tannahill and S Balasubramanian
PNAS, 2024, 12 (7), e2320240121
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320240121
Unrepaired base excision repair intermediates in template DNA strands trigger replication fork collapse and PARP inhibitor sensitivity
A Serrano-Benitez, S E Wells, L Drummond-Clarke, L C Russo, J C Thomas, G A Leal, M A Farrow, J M Edgerton, S Balasubramanian, M Yang, C Frezza, A Gautam, J Brazina, K Burdova, N C Hoch, S P Jackson and K W Caldecott
The EMBO Journal., 2023, e113190
DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022223190